Method for producing nanocelluloses from a cellulose substrate

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a method for producing nanocelluloses from a cellulose substrate including cellulose fibers, the method including the following sequence of steps: a step of enzymatic treatment of the cellulose substrate, by bringing same into contact with at least one cleaving enzyme, then a step of mechanical treatment of the cellulose substrate subjected to the step of enzymatic treatment, in order to delaminate the cellulose fibres and obtain the nanocelluloses. The at least one cleaving enzyme is chosen from the enzymes belonging to the family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) capable of achieving cleavage in the presence of an electron donor. Also disclosed are the nanocelluloses obtained according to the method.

TECHNICAL FIELD TO WHICH THE INVENTION RELATES

The present invention relates, generally, to the field of nanocelluloses, and more particularly the processes for producing these nanocelluloses from a cellulose-based substrate.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Cellulose is one of the most important natural polymers, a virtually inexhaustible raw material, and an important source of materials that are sustainable on the industrial scale.

To date, various forms of cellulose have been identified with a size of about one nanometer, denoted under the generic name of “nanocelluloses”.

The properties of these nanocelluloses, in particular their mechanical properties, their ability to form films and their viscosity, gives them a major advantage in numerous industrial fields.

Nanocelluloses are thus used, for example, as a dispersant or stabilizing additive in the papermaking, pharmaceutical, cosmetics or food-processing industries. They are also part of the composition of paints and varnishes.

Nanocelluloses are also used in many devices that require a control of nanometric porosity, owing to their high specific surface area.

Finally, many nanocomposite materials based on nanocelluloses are currently being developed. This is because the notable mechanical properties of nanocelluloses, their dispersion on the nanometric scale and also their hydrophilic nature, give them excellent gas-barrier properties. These characteristics create in particular a considerable advantage for the production of barrier packagings.

On the basis of their sizes, functions and preparation methods, which themselves depend mainly on the cellulose-based source and on the treatment conditions, nanocelluloses can be classified mainly in two families: cellulose fibrils and cellulose nanocrystals.

Cellulose nanocrystals (also known as NCCs for “nanocrystalline celluloses”) are generally obtained by hydrolysis with a strong acid under strictly controlled temperature, time and stirring conditions. Such a treatment makes it possible to attack the amorphous regions of the fibers while at the same time leaving the more resistant crystalline regions intact. The suspension obtained is then washed by centrifugations and successive dialyses in distilled water. The NCCs most conventionally obtained have a length of a few tens of nanometers to approximately 1 μm (in particular from 40 nm to 1 μm and preferably from 40 nm to 500 nm), and a diameter ranging from 5 to 70 nm, preferably less than 15 nm (typically from 5 to 10 nm).

Cellulose fibrils, commonly denoted cellulose microfibrils (also referred to as MFC for “microfibrilated cellulose”) or cellulose nanofibrils (NFC for “nanofibrilated cellulose”) are typically isolated from cellulose-based materials derived from biomass, by mechanical processes which make it possible to delaminate the cellulose fibers and to release the cellulose fibrils.

For example, document U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,743 describes a process for producing microfibrilated cellulose, which involves passing a liquid suspension of cellulose through a high-pressure Gaulin homogenizer. Repeated passes of the cellulose suspension make it possible to obtain microfibrils which typically have a width ranging from 25 to 100 nm and a much longer length.

In general, the mechanical processes for obtaining cellulose fibrils have the drawback of consuming large amounts of energy. By way of example, it has been evaluated that the use of a homogenizer causes an energy consumption of about 70 000 kWh/t. This high energy consumption, and consequently the high costs of producing nanocelluloses, therefore remain a considerable impediment to their industrial development.

Various cellulose fiber pretreatment strategies have thus been developed in order to reduce the energy consumption required for their mechanical delamination.

A first pretreatment strategy, described for example in application WO 2007/091942, consists in pretreating the cellulose fibers with cellulases so as to destroy the fiber before the application of the mechanical treatment by homogenization.

However, this enzymatic pretreatment is extremely changeable depending on the condition of the fiber and in particular depending on the prior thermochemical history of the fiber.

Furthermore, the quality of the nanocelluloses obtained (in particular the dispersion state and especially the lateral size of the nanofibrils which conditions the wear properties and the energy yields) are very variable.

A second pretreatment strategy is based on a chemical step of oxidation of the cellulose fibers (for example, Saito et al., Biomacromolecules, Vol. 8, No. 8, 2007, pp. 2485-2491).

Typically, the fibers are oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite catalyzed by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (“TEMPO”) radical, before undergoing the abovementioned mechanical treatment.

The oxidative treatment converts the primary alcohol function in the 0₆ position of the glucose unit of the cellulose into a carboxylate function, which results in the introduction of charges at the surface of the cellulose fibers. These charges create electrostatic repulsions which facilitate the delamination and which increase its efficiency.

However, the removal of the reaction products results in large amounts of highly polluted effluents. In addition, reactant residues persist in the final product and continue to react, altering, in the end, the properties of the nanocelluloses.

Thus, despite the new pretreatment strategies developed, the costs of nanocellulose production remain high, the yields uncertain, and the quality and the properties are variable.

It thus remains necessary to provide new processes for obtaining nanocelluloses, with a lower energy consumption and which are simple and reproducible, according to a route that is not toxic or has low toxicity.

SUBJECT OF THE INVENTION

In order to overcome the abovementioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention provides a process for producing nanocelluloses which is based on a step of pretreating cellulose fibers with at least one enzyme belonging to the family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, commonly denoted “LPMOs”.

More particularly, according to the invention, a process is provided for producing nanocelluloses from a cellulose-based substrate comprising cellulose fibers,

said process comprising the following successive steps:

-   -   at least one step of enzymatic treatment of said cellulose-based         substrate, by bringing it into contact with at least one         cleavage enzyme, then     -   at least one step of mechanical treatment of said         cellulose-based substrate subjected to said at least one step of         enzymatic treatment, in order to delaminate the cellulose fibers         and to obtain said nanocelluloses,

characterized in that said at least one cleavage enzyme is chosen from the enzymes belonging to LPMO family.

Typically, LPMOs are capable of performing an oxidative cleavage of cellulose fibers, advantageously of the glucose rings of cellulose fibers, in the presence of an electron donor.

Without being limited by any theory, the action of LPMOs facilitates the production of nanocellulose through two actions:

-   -   the cleavage of the cellulose-based chains causes fragilities         within the fibers, facilitating the mechanical delamination,     -   the formation of oxidation products makes it possible to         introduce charged chemical functions on the surface of the         fibers, inducing electrostatic repulsions.

Again without being limited by any theory, the consequence of these combined structural modifications is to promote the separation of the fibers until nanometric dispersion is obtained and to form nanocelluloses (fibrils or nanocrystals) which have new functionalities (degree of charges, chemical functions not currently available).

Other nonlimiting and advantageous characteristics of the production process in accordance with the invention, taken individually or according to all the technically possible combinations, are also described hereinafter and also in the detailed description of the invention.

The electron donor can be chosen from ascorbate, gallate, catechol, reduced glutathione, lignin fragments and fungal carbohydrate dehydrogenases (in particular glucose dehydrogenases and cellobiose dehydrogenases).

Preferably, the LPMOs are chosen from enzymes capable of carrying out a cleavage of the cellulose by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in position(s) C₁, C₄ and C₆ of the glucose ring. More preferably, the LPMOs are chosen from enzymes capable of carrying out a cleavage of the cellulose by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in position(s) C₁ and/or C₄, optionally in combination with C₆, of the glucose ring.

The LPMOs can be chosen from the families of fungal enzymes AA9 (formerly known as GH61) and of bacterial enzymes AA10 (formerly known as CBM33) of the CAZy classification (www.cazy.org). In particular, the LPMOs can be chosen from the LPMOs derived from Podospora anserina and preferably from PaLPMO9A (Genbank CAP68375), PaLPMO9B (Genbank CAP73254), PaLPMO9D (Genbank CAP66744), PaLPMO9E (Genbank CAP67740), PaLPMO9F (Genbank CAP71839), PaLPMO9G (Genbank CAP73072), and PaLPMO9H (Genbank CAP61476).

According to the embodiments of the invention, the cellulose-based substrate is obtained from wood, from a cellulose-rich fibrous plant, from beetroot, from citrus fruits, from annual straw plants, from marine animals, from algae, from fungi or from bacteria.

Preferably, the cellulose-based substrate is chosen from chemical papermaking pulps, preferably chemical wood papermaking pulps, more preferably at least one of the following papermaking pulps:

-   -   bleached pulps,     -   semi-bleached pulps,     -   raw pulps,     -   bisulfite pulps,     -   sulfate pulps,     -   sodium hydroxide pulps,     -   kraft pulps.

Said at least one step of mechanical treatment generally comprises at least one of the following mechanical treatments:

-   -   a homogenization treatment,     -   a microfluidization treatment,     -   an abrasion treatment,     -   a cryomilling treatment.

The process can also comprise a post-treatment step, for example an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or else a derivatization of certain chemical groups borne by the nanocelluloses.

The invention also relates to the nanocelluloses obtained by carrying out the process of the invention.

Typically, the nanocelluloses obtained consist of cellulose nanofibrils and/or of cellulose nanocrystals.

Preferably, the nanocelluloses comprise glucose rings of which at least one carbon atom is oxidized in position(s) C₁ and/or C₄, or even also in position C₆.

FIGURES

FIG. 1: Appearance of kraft fibers of cellulose that have been treated with the PaLPMO9H enzyme according to various enzyme/substrate ratios and subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the Ultra-Turrax type and an ultrasonic treatment. Optical microscopy images of the fibers not treated (control) with the enzyme (A) or treated with enzyme/substrate ratios of 1:50 (B); 1:100 (0); and 1:500 (D).

FIG. 2: Appearance of kraft fibers of cellulose that have been treated with the PaLPMO9H enzyme at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:50 and subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the Ultra-Turrax type and an ultrasonic treatment. Optical microscopy images of the control fibers (A) and of the treated fibers (B), and visualization of the nanofibrils obtained, by transmission electron microscopy (C) and atomic force microscopy (D).

FIG. 3: Appearance of kraft fibers of cellulose that have been treated with the PaLPMO9H and PaLPMO9E enzymes according to an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:50 and then subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the Ultra-Turrax type and an ultrasonic treatment. Optical microscopy images of the kraft fibers treated with PaLPMO9H (A) and with PaLPMO9E (B). Visualization by atomic force microscopy of the nanofibrils obtained from the kraft fibers by treatment with the LPMO enzymes PaLPMO9H (C) and PaLPMO9E (D).

FIG. 4: Appearance of kraft fibers of cellulose that have been subjected to two successive treatments with the PaLPMO9H enzyme at various enzyme/substrate ratios and then subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer/disperser of the Ultra-Turrax type and an ultrasonic treatment. Optical microscopy images of the fibers treated according to the enzyme/substrate ratios of 1:50 (A); 1:100 (B); 1:500 (C) and 1:1000 (D).

FIG. 5: Analysis of the AFM photos for the PaLPMO9H enzyme, so as to characterize the height profile (FIG. 5A) and the size distribution (FIG. 5B) of the nanocelluloses. Legend to FIG. 5A: example of a height profile obtained on the surface, width (x, μm) versus height (y, nm); legend to FIG. 5B: histogram of height distribution with height (x, nm) versus number (y).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The description which follows, in combination with the Experimental Results given by way of nonlimiting examples, will provide a clear understanding of what the invention consists of and how it can be carried out.

General Definitions

The present invention relates to a process for producing nanocelluloses, in particular cellulose fibrils and/or cellulose nanocrystals, from a cellulose-based substrate.

The term “cellulose” is intended to mean a linear homopolysaccharide derived from biomass (encompassing organic matter of plant origin, algae included, cellulose of animal origin and also cellulose of bacterial origin) and consisting of units (or rings) of glucose (D-anhydroglucopyranose—AGU for “anhydro glucose unit”) which are linked to one another by β-(1-4) glycosidic bonds. The repeat unit is a glucose dimer also known as cellobiose dimer.

AGUs have 3 hydroxyl functions: 2 secondary alcohols (on the carbons in positions 2 and 3 of the glucose ring) and a primary alcohol (on the carbon in position 6 of the glucose ring).

These polymers link together via intermolecular bonds of hydrogen bond type, thus conferring a fibrous structure on the cellulose. In particular, the linking of cellobiose dimers forms an elementary cellulose nanofibril (the diameter of which is approximately 5 nm). The linking of elementary nanofibrils forms a nanofibril (the diameter of which generally ranges from 50 to 500 nm). The arranging of several of these nanofibrils then forms what is generally referred to as a cellulose fiber.

The term “nanocelluloses” denotes the various forms of cellulose having a size of about one nanometer. This encompasses in particular, according to the invention, two nanocellulose families: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose fibrils.

The terms “cellulose fibrils”, “(cellulose) nanofibrils”, “(cellulose) nanofibers”, “nanofibrilated cellulose”, “(cellulose) microfibrils”, “microfibrilated cellulose”, and “cellulose nanofibrils” are synonymous. In the remainder of the present application, the term “cellulose nanofibrils” (NFCs) will be used generically.

Each cellulose nanofibril contains crystalline parts stabilized by a solid network of inter-chain and intra-chain hydrogen bonds. These crystalline regions are separated by amorphous regions.

Elimination of the amorphous parts of cellulose nanofibrils makes it possible to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (NCCs).

NCCs advantageously comprise at least 50% of crystalline part, more preferably at least 55% of crystalline part. They generally have a diameter ranging from 5 to 70 nm (preferably less than 15 nm) and a length ranging from 40 nm to approximately 1 μm, preferably ranging from 40 nm to 500 nm.

The terms “cellulose nanocrystals”, “nanocrystalline cellulose”, “cellulose whiskers”, “microcrystals” or “nanocrystal cellulose” are synonymous. In the remainder of the present application, the term “cellulose nanocrystals” (NCCs) will be used generically.

In the case of bacterial cellulose, nanofibrils, or ribbons, of bacterial cellulose generally have a length of several micrometers and a width ranging from 30 to 60 nm, in particular from 45 to 55 nm.

Process According to the Invention

The process for producing nanocelluloses, according to the invention, comprises the following successive steps:

-   -   at least one step of enzymatic treatment of a cellulose-based         substrate comprising cellulose fibers, by bringing it into         contact with at least one cleavage enzyme belonging to the         family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), then     -   at least one step of mechanical treatment of said         cellulose-based substrate subjected to said at least one step of         enzymatic treatment, in order to delaminate said cellulose         fibers and to obtain said nanocelluloses.

One or more, and in particular at least two, steps of enzymatic treatment can be carried out according to the process of the invention, prior to said at least one step of mechanical treatment. For example, at least two steps of enzymatic treatment can be carried out successively, prior to said at least one step of mechanical treatment.

At least one step of enzymatic treatment can also be carried out after said at least one step of mechanical treatment.

When several steps of enzymatic treatment are carried out, the treatment conditions (time, LPMO(s) chosen, enzyme/cellulose ratio, etc.) can be identical to or different than one another.

Typically, said at least one step of enzymatic treatment, optionally followed by at least one step of mechanical treatment, can be repeated, as described above, until complete delamination of the cellulose fibers is obtained.

For example, the process of the invention can comprise at least two successive treatment cycles, each treatment cycle comprising at least one step of enzymatic treatment of the cellulose-based substrate, followed by at least one step of mechanical treatment of said substrate.

Without being limited by any theory, the combination according to the invention (i) of an enzymatic treatment with at least one LPMO and (ii) of a mechanical delamination treatment makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses of which the structural characteristics and the mechanical properties are entirely different than the nanocelluloses that exist in the prior art.

Again without being limited by any theory, the process of the invention makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses simply and reproducibly. Preferably, the size and the mechanical properties of these nanocelluloses are uniform.

Cellulose-Based Substrate

The cellulose-based substrate can be obtained according to the invention from any matter of the biomass (encompassing organic matter of plant origin, algae included, animal origin or fungal origin) comprising cellulose-based fibers (that is to say cellulose fibers).

The cellulose-based substrate is advantageously obtained from wood (of which cellulose is the main component), but also from any cellulose-rich fibrous plant, for instance cotton, flax, hemp, bamboo, kapok, coconut fibers (coir), ramie, jute, sisal, raffia, papyrus and certain reeds, sugarcane bagasse, beetroot (and in particular beetroot pulp), citrus fruits, corn stalks or sorghum stalks, or else annual straw plants.

The cellulose-based substrates can also be obtained from marine animals (such as tunicates for example), algae (for instance Valonia or Cladophora) or bacteria for bacterial cellulose (for instance bacterial strains of Gluconacetobacter types).

Depending on the applications, cellulose from primary walls, for instance the parenchyma of fruits (for example beetroots, citrus fruits, etc.), or from secondary walls, for instance wood, will be chosen.

The cellulose-based substrate advantageously consists of a cellulose- based material prepared by chemical or mechanical means from any cellulose- based source as mentioned above (and in particular from wood).

The cellulose-based substrate is advantageously in the form of a suspension of cellulose fibers in a liquid medium (preferably an aqueous medium), or of a cellulose pulp.

The cellulose pulps can be conditioned in the “dry” state, that is to say typically in a state of dryness greater than or equal to 80%, in particular greater than or equal to 90%. The cellulose pulp can subsequently be redispersed in an aqueous medium by mechanical treatment.

Preferably, the cellulose-based substrate contains at least 90%, in particular at least 95% and preferably 100% of cellulose fibers.

Preferably, the cellulose-based substrate is suitable for the production of paper or of a cellulose-based product. The cellulose-based substrate is thus preferably chosen from papermaking pulps (or paper pulp), and in particular chemical papermaking pulps.

Generally, the cellulose pulp and in particular the papermaking pulp can contain, in combination with the cellulose fibers, hemicellulose and lignin. Preferably, the cellulose pulp contains less than 10% and in particular less than 5% of lignin and/or of hemicellulose.

Preferably, the chemical papermaking pulps contain virtually exclusively, or even exclusively, cellulose fibers.

The papermaking pulp can be chosen from at least one of the following papermaking pulps: bleached pulps, semi-bleached pulps, raw pulps, (raw or bleached) bisulfite pulps, (raw or bleached) sulfate pulps, (raw or bleached) sodium hydroxide pulps and kraft pulps.

It is also possible to use pulps to be dissolved, that have a low proportion of hemicellulose, preferably less than 10% and in particular less than or equal to 5%.

Preferably, the papermaking pulps used in a process of the invention are wood pulps, in particular chemical papermaking pulps of wood.

Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxydenases—LPMOs

The cellulose-based substrate is thus subjected to at least one step of pretreatment with at least one cleavage enzyme belonging to the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) family.

LPMOs are mononuclear type II copper enzymes. They have common structural characteristics, in particular:

-   -   a planar surface with an active site located close to its center         and     -   a highly conserved binding site for a type II copper ion exposed         at the surface of the protein.

The interaction between the LPMO enzyme and the surface of the cellulose occurs by means of the planar face of the LPMO enzyme and involves interactions with polar aromatic residues. The LPMOs that can be used according to the invention are defined by their capacity to catalyze an oxidative cleavage of the cellulose fibers of the cellulose-based substrate, by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in positions C₁, C₄ and C₆ of a glucose ring of said cellulose fibers.

The principle of the oxidative cleavage carried out by the LPMOs involves the activation of a C-H group followed by a dioxygen (O₂)-dependent cleavage, thus producing oligomers that are oxidized on at least one of the carbons in positions C₁, C₄ and C₆.

The LPMO(s) used are capable of catalyzing a cleavage of the cellulose fibers by oxidation of at least one of the carbons chosen from the carbons in positions C₁ and/or C₄ and/or C₆ of a glucose ring of the cellulose. The oxidative cleavage results in the formation of carboxyl groups at the surface of the cellulose fibers:

-   -   the oxidative cleavage in position C₁ of a glucose ring of a         cellobiose unit leads to the formation of a lactone, which is         spontaneously hydrolyzed to aldonic acid, and     -   the oxidative cleavage in position C₄ of a glucose ring of a         cellobiose unit results in the formation of a ketoaldose.

The oxidation of the alcohol group in position C₆ of a glucose ring of a cellobiose unit results in the formation of a carbonyl group.

In some embodiments, the LPMO(s) used catalyze(s) a cleavage of the cellulose fibers by oxidation of at least one of the carbons chosen from the carbons in position(s) C₁ and/or C₄ of a glucose ring of the cellulose, optionally in combination with the carbon in position C₆.

LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of a cellobiose unit in the presence of an external electron donor.

This electron donor, generally a molecule of low molecular weight, is chosen from ascorbate, reduced glutathione, gallate, catechol, lignin fragments, or else an enzyme of the carbohydrate dehydrogenase family.

Preferably, the carbohydrate dehydrogenases are chosen from fungal enzymes, in particular cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs).

CDHs (or cellobiose oxidoreductases—EC 1.1.99.18) catalyze the [cellobiose+electron acceptor<=>cellobiono-1,5-lactone+reduced acceptor] reaction. They are fungal hemoflavoenzymes belonging to the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily. CDHs are monomeric enzymes bearing two prosthetic groups, a heme group b and a flavin adenine dinucleotide. The flavoprotein domain of CDHs catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of cellobiose to lactone using an electron acceptor. This electron acceptor can for example be chosen from dioxygen, quinones and phenoxy radicals or LPMOs.

The activity of a CDH enzyme can be determined according to the reduction of the reagent 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) in a sodium acetate buffer containing cellobiose (Bey et al., 2011, Microb. Cell Fact. 10:113).

Examples of CDHs that can be used in combination with at least one LPMO enzyme and which also act as an electron donor can be chosen from the CDHs originating from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Humicola insolens, Podospora anserina, or Myceliophthora thermophila.

More preferably, an LPMO enzyme for which a cellulolytic activity (that is to say an activity that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose) has been identified is used. The oxidative cleavage activity of LPMOs on a cellulose-based substrate can be tested in cleavage tests as described in the Example section of the present application.

More specifically, the LPMOs used in the invention are advantageously chosen from enzymes said to have “auxiliary activity” (AA) according to the classification established in the CAZy database, relating to enzymes that are active on carbohydrates (CAZy—Carbohydrate Active enZyme database—http://www.cazy.org/—see also Levasseur et al., Biotechnology for Biofuels 2013, 6: 41).

More preferably, the step of enzymatic treatment is carried out with at least one enzyme chosen from the LPMO enzymes of the families referred to as AA9, AA10, AA11 and AA13, according to the classification established in the CAZy database.

The LPMO enzyme according to the invention can contain a carbohydrate binding protein module specific for cellulose of CBM1 type according to the CAZy classification.

The enzymes listed in the present application are identified by the Genbank reference (identifying a genetic sequence) and the Uniprot reference when the latter is available (identifying a protein sequence—see table 1). By default, the reference indicated between parentheses for each enzyme corresponds to the “Genbank” reference.

Preferably, at least one enzyme of the AA9 family and/or at least one enzyme of the AA10 family of the CAZy classification is (advantageously exclusively) used.

The enzymes of the AA9 family, listed in table 1 hereinafter, are fungal enzymes widely distributed in the genome of most ascomycetes and in some basidiomycetes (fungi).

Generally, the enzymes of the AA9 family were initially classified in the family of glycoside hydrolases 61 (GH61) of the CAZy classification. Specific analyses have since shown that the endoglucanase activity of the AA9 enzymes is weak, or even nonexistent (Morgenstern I et al., Briefings in Functional Genomics vol. 3(6P): 471-481).

Preferably, LPMOs of which the endoglucanase activity is not significant or is inexistent are used.

The copper ion of the LPMOs of the AA9 family is bound to the protein according to a hexacoordination model involving at least 2 conserved histidine residues and water molecules.

The enzymes of the AA9 family catalyze an oxidative cleavage of the cellobiose unit on the carbon in position C₁ and/or C₄, preferably on the carbon in position C₁ or C₄. Some enzymes (T. aurantiacus TaGH61A (G3XAP7) and Podospora anserina PaGH61 B (B2AVF1)) could catalyze an oxidative cleavage of the cellobiose on a carbon in position C₆.

The LPMOs of the AA9 family that is expressed in fungi generally exhibits a post-translational modification consisting of a methylation of the N-terminal histidine residue.

Preferably, LPMOs of the AA9 family comprising at least one CBM1 or CBM18 domain (CBM for “carbohydrate binding module”) in the N-terminal position are used. These enzymes then comprise a planar surface made up of several polar aromatic residues forming a domain of CBM1 or CBM18 type.

More preferably, said at least one LPMO of the AA9 family is derived from Podospora anserina and/or from Neurospora crassa.

The enzymes of the AA9 family derived from Podospora anserina are typically chosen from the group consisting of PaLPMO9A (CAP68375), PaLPMO9B (CAP73254), PaLPMO9D (CAP66744), PaLPMO9E (CAP67740), PaLPMO9F (CAP71839), PaLPMO9G (CAP73072) and PaLPMO9H (CAP61476).

Preferably, the PaLPMO9E (CAP67740) and/or PaLPMO9H (CAP61476) enzymes are used.

The enzymes of the AA9 family derived from Neurospora crassa are typically chosen from the group consisting of NcLPM09C (EAA36362), NcLPMO9D (EAA32426 /CAD21296), NcLPMO9E (EAA26873), NcLPMO9F (EAA26656/CAD70347), NcLPMO9M (EAA33178), NcU00836 (EAA34466), NcU02240 (EAA30263) and NcU07760 (EAA29018).

The enzymes of the AA10 family (CAZy classification) were formerly classified in the CBM33 family (or “carbohydrate binding module family 33”) of the CAZy classification.

The LPMO family AA10 comprises, at the current time, more than about a thousand enzymes, identified particularly in bacteria, but also in some eukaryotes and also in some viruses.

The LPMOs of the AA10 family have a structure similar to that of the enzymes of the AA9 family and in particular at least one conserved tyrosine residue in the N-terminal position, which is involved in the binding with the copper ion. However, in most LPMOs of the AA10 family, one of the other tyrosine residues involved in the axial binding of the copper ion is replaced with a phenylalanine residue. For these enzymes, an oxidative activity has been demonstrated on chitin and on cellulose.

Preferably, the enzymes of the AA10 family are multimodular and comprise a CBM domain in the N-terminal position. These domains are typically CBM2, CBM5, CBM10 and CBM12 domains and also fibronectin type III modules.

The AA11 family is characterized by enzymes which carry out an oxidative cleavage in position C₁ on chitin. The enzyme of Aspergillus oryzae will preferably be chosen (see also Hemsworth et al., Nature Chemical Biology 2014(10):122-126—Discovery and characterization of a new family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases).

The AA13 family is characterized by enzymes which carry out an oxidative cleavage in position C₁ on starch. The enzyme of Aspergillus nidulans will preferably be chosen (Lo Leggio et al., Nat Commun. 2015(22) 6: 5961—Structure and boosting activity of a starch-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase).

Generally, the step of enzymatic treatment is carried out by means of at least one LPMO enzyme listed in table 2 hereinafter.

In certain embodiments of the process of the invention, said at least one enzyme of the LPMO family (advantageously of the AA9 family and/or of the AA10 family) is used in combination with at least one cellulase.

The cellulase is advantageously chosen from at least one endoglucanase (for example one endoglucanase) and/or at least one carbohydrate dehydrogenase (advantageously one cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH)). The carbohydrate dehydrogenases can act as an electron donor for the LPMOs.

In practice, said at least one LPMO enzyme used is advantageously purified from a culture supernatant of a fungus and/or produced in a heterologous system, in particular in a bacterium, a fungus or a yeast, for example in the Pichia pastoris yeast.

Said at least one LPMO enzyme is mixed with the cellulose-based substrate, so as to allow said at least one enzyme to be brought into contact with the cellulose fibers.

The step of enzymatic treatment is preferably carried out with gentle stirring, so as to ensure good dispersion of the enzymes within the fibers. This step of enzymatic treatment is for example carried out for a period ranging from 24 h to 72 h (preferably for 48 h).

Preferably, the step of enzymatic treatment is carried out at a temperature ranging from 30 to 45° C.

According to the invention, said at least one LPMO enzyme can be added to the cellulose-based substrate according to an enzyme/cellulose ratio ranging from 1:1000 to 1:50, in particular from 1:500 to 1:50 or from 1:100 to 1:50 or else from 1:1000 to 1:500, from 1:500 to 1:100.

Preferably, said at least one LPMO enzyme is used at a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 10 g/l, in particular from 0.1 to 5 g/l, and more preferably from 0.5 to 5 g/l.

According to one particular embodiment, the cellulose-based substrate is subjected to at least two (or even only to two) successive steps of enzymatic treatment (in series, advantageously separated by a rinsing step).

The LPMO(s) used during each of these steps of enzymatic treatment is (are) identical or different; the conditions (in particular the enzyme/substrate ratio) are identical or different between these successive steps.

In this case, the examples demonstrate that the fibers are entirely destructured, including at low enzyme/cellulose ratios.

Step(s) of Mechanical Treatment(s)

The pretreated cellulose-based substrate is then subjected to at least one step of mechanical treatment which is intended to delaminate the cellulose fibers in order to obtain nanocelluloses.

The delamination (also referred to as “fibrillation” or “defibrillation”) consists in separating the cellulose fibers into nanocelluloses, via a mechanical phenomenon.

As demonstrated through the examples below, the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose fibers, catalyzed by said at least one LPMO, facilitates the delamination of these cellulose fibers during the step of mechanical treatment.

This step of mechanical delamination of the cellulose fibers can then be carried out under conditions that are less drastic and therefore less costly in terms of energy. Moreover, the use of LPMOs according to the invention makes it possible to introduce into the cellulose fibers charged groups which create electrostatic repulsions, without contamination with treatment reagents, such as when TEMPO reagents are used.

The mechanical treatments intended to delaminate cellulose fibers are known to those skilled in the art and can be implemented in the process of the invention.

Generally, mention may be made of weak mechanical treatments with a homogenizer-disperser (for example of the Ultra-Turrax type) and/or ultrasonic treatments.

Reference may also for example be made to the document of Lavoine N et al. (Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, (92): 735-64) which describes in particular (pages 740 to 744) mechanical treatments for preparing microfibrilated cellulose (for example cellulose nanofibrils).

Typically, a mechanical treatment can be chosen from mechanical homogenization, microfluidization, abrasion or cryomilling treatments.

The homogenization treatment involves passing the pretreated cellulose- based substrate, typically a cellulose pulp or a liquid suspension of cellulose, through a narrow space under high pressure (as described for example in patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,743).

This homogenization treatment is preferably carried out by means of a homogenizer of Gaulin type. In such a device, the pretreated cellulose-based substrate, typically in the form of a cellulose suspension, is pumped at high pressure and distributed through an automatic valve with a small orifice. A rapid succession of openings and closings of the valve subjects the fibers to a considerable drop in pressure (generally of at least 20 MPa) and to a high-speed shear action followed by a high-speed deceleration impact. The passing of the substrate through the orifice is repeated (generally from 8 to 10 times) until the cellulose suspension becomes stable. In order to maintain a product temperature in a range of from 70 to 80° C. during the homogenization treatment, cooling water is generally used.

This homogenization treatment can also be carried out by means of a device of the microfluidizer type (see for example Sisqueira et al. Polymer 2010 2(4): 728-65). In such a device, the cellulose suspension passes through a typically “z”-shaped thin chamber (the dimensions of the channel of which are generally between 200 and 400 μm) under high pressure (approximately 2070 bar). The high shear rate which is applied (generally greater than 10⁷.s⁻¹) makes it possible to obtain very fine nanofibrils. A variable number of passes (for example from 2 to 30, in particular from 10 to 30 or from 5 to 25, and in particular from 5 to 20) with chambers of different sizes can be used, in order to increase the degree of fibrillation.

The abrasion or milling treatment (see for example Iwamoto S et al., 2007 Applied Physics A89(2): 461-66) is based on the use of a milling device capable of exerting shear forces provided by milling stones.

The pretreated cellulose-based substrate, generally in the form of a cellulose pulp, is passed between a static milling stone and a rotating milling stone, typically at a speed of about 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm). Several passes (generally between 2 and 5) may be required in order to obtain fibrils of nanometric size.

A device of mixer type (for example as described in Unetani K et al., Biomacromolecules 2011, 12(2), pp. 348-53) can also be used to produce microfibrils from pretreated cellulose-based substrate, for example from a suspension of wood fibers.

The cryomilling (or cryocrushing) treatment (Dufresne et al., 1997, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64(6): 1185-94) consists in milling a suspension of pretreated cellulose-based substrate frozen beforehand with liquid nitrogen. The ice crystals formed inside the cells cause the cell membranes to explode and release wall fragments. These processes are generally used for the production of cellulose microfibrils from agricultural products or residues.

Step(s) of Post-Treatment of the Cellulose-Based Substrate

In certain embodiments, the production process comprises at least one step of post-treatment of the cellulose-based substrate, carried out after said substrate has been subjected to the mechanical treatment.

Generally, said at least one post-treatment step aims to increase the degree of fibrillation of the nanocelluloses obtained and/or to confer new mechanical properties on said nanocelluloses, as a function of the applications envisioned.

Said at least one post-treatment step can in particular be chosen from an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or else a derivatization of certain chemical groups borne by the microfibrils. Reference may also be made, for example, to the document by Lavoine N et al (Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, (92): 735-64) which describes in particular (point 2.3, pages 747 to 748) post-treatments that can be combined with various pretreatments and mechanical treatments of the cellulose fibers.

Nanocelluloses According to the Invention

The process according to the invention thus makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses, in particular cellulose nanocrystals and/or cellulose nanofibrils.

Contrary to the NFCs obtained after oxidation by chemical reagents of TEMPO type, the nanocelluloses obtained by means of the process of the invention are devoid of oxidation reagent residues (namely, for example, sodium bromide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, the (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl radical (TEMPO), derivatives or analogs).

Preferably, at the end of the process according to the invention, the nanocelluloses comprise at least one glucose ring (typically several glucose rings) of which at least one of the carbon atoms in positions C₁ and/or C₄, or even also C₆, is oxidized by an oxidative cleavage phenomenon.

The nanocelluloses according to the invention thus comprise glucose rings which are:

-   -   monooxidized on the carbon atom in position C₁, and/or     -   monooxidized on the carbon atom in position C₄, and/or     -   doubly oxidized on the atoms in positions C₁ and C₄.

These glucose rings, oxidized on the atoms in positions C₁ and/or C₄, can also comprise an oxidized carbon atom in position C₆.

The term “oxidized carbon atom” is intended to mean in particular a carbon atom which comprises a carbonyl function, and advantageously also a carboxyl function.

The nanocelluloses according to the invention are thus advantageously negatively charged, because of the presence of various surface functions including carboxylate functions on the carbons in positions C₁ and/or C₄ (contrary to the TEMPO process which results in a specific oxidation of the carbon in position C₆).

Experimental Results

1. Tests for cleavage of the cellulose by an LPMO enzyme can be carried out according to the following protocol:

The cleavage test is carried out at a volume of 300 μl of liquid containing 4.4 μM of LPMO enzyme and 1 mM of ascorbate and 0.1% (weight/volume) of powder of phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASO—prepared as described in Wood T M, Methods Enzym 1988, 160: 19-25) in 50 mM of a sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 or 5 μM of cellooligosaccharides (Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland) in 10 mM of sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.8.

The enzymatic reaction is carried out in a 2 ml tube incubated in a thermomixer (Eppendorf, Montesson, France) at 50° C. and 580 rpm (revolutions per minute).

After incubation for 16 h, the sample is brought to 100° C. for 10 minutes in order to stop the enzymatic reaction, then centrifuged at 16 000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 15 minutes at 4° C. in order to separate the solution fraction from remainder insoluble fraction.

The cleaved products obtained can be analyzed by ion exchange chromatography and/or by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF).

2. Preliminary tests were carried out in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the process for producing nanocellulose according to the invention.

These tests were carried out on a papermaking fiber (cellulose kraft fibers) by means of LPMO enzyme of the AA9 family derived from Podospora anserina (PaLPMO9E (Genbank CAP67740) and/or PaLPMO9H (Genbank CAP61476)) and produced in a heterologous system in yeast (Pichia pastoris).

The fibers are brought into contact with the enzymes (at a concentration of 1 g/l and according to enzyme/cellulose ratios of 1:50, 1:100, 1:500 and 1:1000) and with ascorbate (2 mM) and then subjected to gentle stirring for 48 hours at 40° C.

The treated fibers are then subjected to a mechanical action with a homogenizer-disperser (Ultra-Turrax power 500 W, maximum speed for 3 minutes), followed by an ultrasonic treatment for 3 minutes.

Compared with the substrates not treated with the enzyme, it is observed that the defibrillation is facilitated for all of the enzyme/cellulose ratios used (FIG. 1 B-D—the photos show, qualitatively, the defibrillation).

In the absence of enzymes, the fibers remain intact and no defibrillation is noted (see the non-treated control fibers, FIG. 1A).

The dispersions were then analyzed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy).

In the absence of LPMO enzymes (FIG. 2A), it is noted that very few structures are visible on the nanometric scale.

On the other hand, for the fibers treated with the LPMO enzyme, structures of nanometric sizes are easily pinpointed, both in the supernatant and in the pellets of the experiment. The fibers are entirely destructured, allowing crystalline zones of the fiber to appear (FIG. 2C-D).

The treatment of the fibers with the PaLPMO9E enzyme combined with the subsequent mechanical treatment (FIGS. 3B and D) produces a defibrillation of the cellulose that is similar to that obtained with an identical process involving the PaLPMO9H enzyme (see FIG. 3A and C).

Generally, FIGS. 2C, 2D, 3C and 3D unquestionably demonstrate that nanocelluloses are obtained.

If the fibers that have undergone a first treatment with the LPMO enzyme are again subjected to a second successive treatment with an LPMO enzyme under the conditions described above, followed by the mechanical treatment, the fibers are entirely destructured, including at the low enzyme/cellulose ratios (that is to say the 1/500 and 1/1000 ratios) (FIG. 4).

The AFM photos for the PaLPMO9H enzyme were analyzed using the WSxM software in order to characterize the height profile (FIG. 5A) and the size distribution (FIG. 5B) of the nanocelluloses.

This analysis shows that, at the 1:50 enzyme/cellulose ratio, the nanocelluloses have a diameter of less than 100 nm.

This result confirms that the products obtained by means of the process according to the invention are nanocelluloses.

TABLE 1 Listed fungal enzymes of the AA9 family (CAZy classification) Name Organism GenBank ref. Uniprot ref. Cel1 Agaricus bisporus AAA53434.1 Q00023 D649 AfA5C5.025 Aspergillus CAF31975.1 Q6MYM8 fumigatus endoglucanase/CMCase Aspergillus AFJ54163.1 (Eng61) fumigatus MKU1 endo-β-1,4-glucanase B (EgIB; Aspergillus BAB62318.1 Q96WQ9 AkCel61A) (Cel61A) kawachii NBRC4308 AN1041.2 Aspergillus EAA65609.1 C8VTW9 nidulans FGSC A4 Q5BEI9 AN3511.2 Aspergillus EAA59072.1 Q5B7G9 nidulans FGSC A4 AN9524.2 Aspergillus EAA66740.1 C8VI93 nidulans FGSC A4 CBF83171.1 Q5AQA6 AN7891.2 Aspergillus EAA59545.1 Q5AUY9 nidulans FGSC A4 AN6428.2 Aspergillus EAA58450.1 C8V0F9 nidulans FGSC A4 Q5AZ52 AN3046.2 Aspergillus EAA63617.1 C8VIS7 nidulans FGSC A4 Q5B8T4 AN3860.2 (EgIF) Aspergillus EAA59125.1 C8V6H2 nidulans FGSC A4 Q5B6H0 endo-β-1,4-glucanase Aspergillus EAA64722.1 Q5BCX8 (AN1602.2) nidulans FGSC A4 ABF50850.1 AN2388.2 Aspergillus EAA64499.1 C8VNP4 nidulans FGSC A4 Q5BAP2 An04g08550 Aspergillus niger CAK38942.1 A2QJX0 CBS 513.88 An08g05230 Aspergillus niger CAK45495.1 A2QR94 CBS 513.88 An12g02540 Aspergillus niger CAK41095.1 A2QYU6 CBS 513.88 An12g04610 Aspergillus niger CAK97151.1 A2QZE1 CBS 513.88 An14g02670 Aspergillus niger CAK46515.1 A2R313 CBS 513.88 An15g04570 Aspergillus niger CAK97324.1 A2R5J9 CBS 513.88 An15g04900 Aspergillus niger CAK42466.1 A2R5N0 CBS 513.88 AO090005000531 Aspergillus oryzae BAE55582.1 Q2US83 RIB40 AO090001000221 Aspergillus oryzae BAE56764.1 Q2UNV1 RIB40 AO090023000056 Aspergillus oryzae BAE58643.1 Q2UIH2 RIB40 AO090023000159 Aspergillus oryzae BAE58735.1 Q2UI80 RIB40 AO090023000787 Aspergillus oryzae BAE59290.1 Q2UGM5 RIB40 AO090012000090 Aspergillus oryzae BAE60320.1 Q2UDP5 RIB40 AO090138000004 Aspergillus oryzae BAE64395.1 Q2U220 RIB40 AO090103000087 Aspergillus oryzae BAE65561.1 Q2TYW2 RIB40 Cel6 (E6) Bipolaris maydis AAM76663.1 Q8J0H7 C4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD34368.1 protein (Bofut4_p103280.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD47228.1 protein (Bofut4_p003870.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD48549.1 protein (Bofut4_p109330.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD50139.1 protein (Bofut4_p025380.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD50144.1 protein (Bofut4_p025430.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD51504.1 protein (Bofut4_p018100.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD49290.1 protein (Bofut4_p031660.1) fuckeliana T4 glycoside hydrolase family 61 Botryotinia CCD52645.1 protein (Bofut4_p000920.1) fuckeliana T4 BofuT4P143000045001 Botryotinia CCD50451.2 fuckeliana T4 CCD50451.1 ORF Chaetomium AGY80102.1 thermophilum CT2 ORF (fragment) Chaetomium AGY80103.1 thermophilum CT2 ORF (fragment) Chaetomium AGY80104.1 thermophilum CT2 ORF (fragment) Chaetomium AGY80105.1 thermophilum CT2 cellobiohydrolase family protein Chaetomium AGY80103.1 61, partial (Cbh61-2) (fragment) thermophilum CT2 cellobiohydrolase family protein Chaetomium AGY80104.1 61, partial (Cbh61-3) (fragment) thermophilum CT2 cellobiohydrolase family protein Chaetomium AGY80105.1 61, partial (Cbh61-4) (fragment) thermophilum CT2 ORF (possible fragment) Colletotrichum CAQ16278.1 B5WYD8 graminicola M2 ORF Colletotrichum CAQ16206.1 B5WY66 graminicola M2 ORF Colletotrichum CAQ16208.1 B5WY68 graminicola M2 ORF Colletotrichum CAQ16217.1 B5WY77 graminicola M2 unnamed protein product Coprinopsis CAG27578.1 cinerea CGB_A6300C Cryptococcus ADV19810.1 bacillisporus WM276 CNAG_00601 Cryptococcus AFR92731.1 neoformans var. AFR92731.2 grubii H99 (Cryne_H99_1) Cel1 Cryptococcus AAC39449.1 O59899 neoformans var. neoformans CNA05840 (Cel1) Cryptococcus AAW41121.1 F5HH24 neoformans var. neoformans JEC21 (Cryne_JEC21_1) ORF (fragment) Flammulina ADX07320.1 velutipes KACC 42777 FFUJ_12340 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT72465.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_13305 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT67119.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_07829 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT69268.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_12621 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT72729.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_12840 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT72942.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_09373 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT73805.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_10599 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT74544.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_10643 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT74587.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_14514 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT67584.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_11399 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT75380.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_14514 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT67584.1 IMI 58289 FFUJ_11399 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT75380.1 IMI 58289 FFUJ_04652 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT64153.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_03777 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT64954.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) FFUJ_04940 Fusarium fujikuroi CCT63889.1 IMI 58289 (Fusfu1) Sequence 122805 from patent Fusarium ABT35335.1 U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,786 graminearum FG03695.1 (Cel61E) Fusarium XP_383871.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF78545.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF74901.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF78472.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF86346.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF87450.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF85876.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF86254.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF87657.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF76256.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF78876.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF79735.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF74460.1 graminearum PH-1 unnamed protein product Fusarium CEF84640.1 graminearum PH-1 endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Cel61G) Gloeophyllum AEJ35168.1 trabeum GH61D Heterobasidion AFO72234.1 parviporum GH61B Heterobasidion AFO72233.1 parviporum GH61A Heterobasidion AFO72232.1 parviporum GH61F Heterobasidion AFO72235.1 parviporum GH61G Heterobasidion AFO72236.1 parviporum GH61H Heterobasidion AFO72237.1 parviporum GH61I Heterobasidion AFO72238.1 parviporum GH61J Heterobasidion AFO72239.1 parviporum unnamed protein product Humicola insolens CAG27577.1 endoglucanase IV (EgiV) Hypocrea orientalis AFD50197.1 EU7-22 GH61A (GH61A) Lasiodiplodia CAJ81215.1 theobromae CBS 247.96 GH61B (GH61B) Lasiodiplodia CAJ81216.1 theobromae CBS 247.96 GH61C (GH61C) Lasiodiplodia CAJ81217.1 theobromae CBS 247.96 GH61D (GH61D) Lasiodiplodia CAJ81218.1 theobromae CBS 247.96 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX91313.1 E4ZJM8 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX93546.1 E4ZQ11 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX94224.1 E4ZS44 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX94532.1 E4ZSU4 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX94572.1 E4ZSY4 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX95655.1 E4ZVM9 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX96476.1 E4ZZ41 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX96550.1 E4ZYM4 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX96949.1 E5A089 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX97718.1 E5A201 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX98126.1 E5A3B3 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBY01974.1 E5AFI5 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBY02242.1 E5ACP0 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX91667.1 E4ZK72 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX93965.1 E4ZQA3 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBX98254.1 E5A3P1 maculans v23.1.3 ORF (fragment) Leptosphaeria CBY00196.1 E5A955 maculans v23.1.3 ORF Leptosphaeria CBY01204.1 E5AC13 maculans v23.1.3 predicted protein Leptosphaeria CBY01256.1 E5ADG7 (Lema_p000430.1) (fragment) maculans v23.1.3 ORF (fragment) Leptosphaeria CBY01257.1 E5ADG8 maculans v23.1.3 lytic polysaccharide Leucoagaricus CDJ79823.1 monooxygenase gongylophorus Ae322 MG05364.4 Magnaporthe EAA54572.1 grisea 70-15 XP_359989.1 (Maggr1) MG07686.4 Magnaporthe EAA53409.1 G4N3E5 grisea 70-15 XP_367775.1 (Maggr1) MG07300.4 Magnaporthe EAA56945.1 G4MUY8 grisea 70-15 XP_367375.1 (Maggr1) MG08020.4 Magnaporthe EAA57051.1 grisea 70-15 XP_362437.1 (Maggr1) MG08254.4 Magnaporthe EAA57285.1 G4MXC7 grisea 70-15 XP_362794.1 (Maggr1) MG08066.4 (fragment) Magnaporthe EAA57097.1 G4MXS5 grisea 70-15 XP_362483.1 (Maggr1) MG04547.4 Magnaporthe EAA50788.1 G4MS66 grisea 70-15 XP_362102.1 (Maggr1) MG08409.4 Magnaporthe EAA57439.1 G4MVX4 grisea 70-15 XP_362640.1 (Maggr1) MG09709.4 Magnaporthe EAA49718.1 G4NAI5 grisea 70-15 XP_364864.1 (Maggr1) MG06069.4 Magnaporthe EAA52941.1 G4N560 grisea 70-15 XP_369395.1 (Maggr1) MG09439.4 Magnaporthe EAA51422.1 G4NHT8 grisea 70-15 XP_364487.1 (Maggr1) MG06229.4 Magnaporthe EAA56258.1 grisea 70-15 XP_369714.1 (Maggr1) MG07631.4 Magnaporthe EAA53354.1 G4N2Z0 grisea 70-15 XP_367720.1 (Maggr1) MGG_06621 Magnaporthe XP_003716906.1 grisea 70-15 XP_370106.1 (Maggr1) MGG_12696 Magnaporthe XP_003721313.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_02502 Magnaporthe XP_003709306.1 grisea 70-15 EAA54517.1 (Maggr1) XP_365800.1 MGG_04057 Magnaporthe XP_003719782.1 grisea 70-15 EAA50298.1 (Maggr1) XP_361583.1 MGG_13241 Magnaporthe XP_003711808.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_13622 Magnaporthe XP_003717521.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_07575 Magnaporthe XP_003711490.1 grisea 70-15 EAA53298.1 (Maggr1) XP_367664.1 MGG_11948 Magnaporthe XP_003709110.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_16080 (fragment) Magnaporthe XP_003709033.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_16043 (fragment) Magnaporthe XP_003708922.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) MGG_12733 (probable fragment) Magnaporthe XP_003716689.1 grisea 70-15 (Maggr1) copper-dependent Malbranchea CCP37674.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases cinnamomea CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 115.68 copper-dependent Melanocarpus CCP37668.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases albomyces CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 638.94 copper-dependent Myceliophthora CCP37667.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases fergusii CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 406.69 MYCTH_2112799 Myceliophthora AEO61257.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_79765 Myceliophthora AEO56016.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_110651 Myceliophthora AEO54509.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_2298502 Myceliophthora AEO55082.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_2299721 Myceliophthora AEO55652.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_2054500 Myceliophthora AEO55776.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_111088 Myceliophthora AEO56416.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 β-glycan-cleaving enzyme Myceliophthora AEO56542.1 (StCel61a; MYCTH_46583) thermophila ATCC (Cel61A) 42464 MYCTH_2301632 Myceliophthora AEO56547.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_100518 Myceliophthora AEO56642.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 lytic polysaccharide Myceliophthora AEO56665.1 monooxygenases (active on thermophila ATCC cellulose) (MYCTH_92668) 42464 MYCTH_2060403 Myceliophthora AEO58412.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_2306673 Myceliophthora AEO58921.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_116175 (fragment) Myceliophthora AEO59482.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_96032 Myceliophthora AEO59823.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_103537 Myceliophthora AEO59836.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_55803 Myceliophthora AEO59955.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 lytic polysaccharide Myceliophthora AEO60271.1 monooxygenases (active on thermophila ATCC cellulose) (MYCTH_112089) 42464 MYCTH_85556 Myceliophthora AEO61304.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_2311323 Myceliophthora AEO61305.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_47093 (fragment) Myceliophthora AEO56498.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 MYCTH_80312 Myceliophthora AEO58169.1 thermophila ATCC 42464 lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa CAD21296.1 Q1K8B6 monooxygenase (active on OR74A EAA32426.1 Q8WZQ2 cellulose) (PMO- XP_326543.1 2; NcLPMO9D; GH61- 4; NCU01050) (LPMO9D) lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa CAD70347.1 Q1K4Q1 monooxygenase (active on OR74A EAA26656.1 Q873G1 cellulose) (PMO- XP_322586.1 03328; NcLPMO9F; GH61- 6; NCU03328) (LPMO9F) lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa CAE81966.1 Q7SHD9 monooxygenase (PMO-01867; OR74A EAA36262.1 NcLPMO9J; GH61-10; XP_329057.1 NCU01867; B13N4.070) (LPMO9J) NCU02344.1 (B23N11.050) Neurospora crassa CAF05857.1 Q7S411 OR74A EAA30230.1 XP_331120.1 lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA33178.1 Q7SA19 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_328604.1 cellulose) (PMO- 3; NcLPMO9M; GH61-13; NcPMO- 3; NCU07898) (LPMO9M) NCU05969.1 Neurospora crassa EAA29347.1 Q7S1V2 OR74A XP_325824.1 lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA36362.1 Q7SHI8 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_330104.1 cellulose and cellooligosaccharides) (PMO- 02916; NcLPMO9C; GH61- 3; NCU02916) (LPMO9C) lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA29018.1 Q7S111 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_328466.1 cellulose) (GH61-2; NCU07760) NCU07520.1 Neurospora crassa EAA29132.1 Q7S1A0 OR74A XP_327806.1 lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA30263.1 Q7S439 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_331016.1 cellulose) (GH61-1; NCU02240) lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA34466.1 Q7SCJ5 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_325016.1 cellulose) (NCU00836) lytic polysaccharide Neurospora crassa EAA26873.1 Q7RWN7 monooxygenase (active on OR74A XP_330877.1 cellulose) (PMO- 08760; NcLPMO9E; GH61- 5; NCU08760) (LPMO9E) NCU07974.1 Neurospora crassa EAA33408.1 Q7SAR4 OR74A XP_328680.1 NCU03000.1 (B24P7.180) Neurospora crassa EAA36150.1 Q7RV41 OR74A CAB97283.2 Q9P3R7 XP_330187.1 cellulose monooxygenase Penicillium AIO06742.1 oxalicum GZ-2 Pc12g13610 Penicillium CAP80988.1 B6H016 chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 (PenchWisc1_1) Pc13g07400 Penicillium CAP91809.1 B6H3U0 chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 (PenchWisc1_1) Pc13g13110 Penicillium CAP92380.1 B6H3A3 chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 (PenchWisc1_1) Pc20g11100 Penicillium CAP86439.1 B6HG02 chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 (PenchWisc1_1) Cel61 (Cel61A) Phanerochaete AAM22493.1 Q8NJI9 chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 Lytic polysaccharide mono- Phanerochaete BAL43430.1 oxygenase active on cellulose chrysosporium K-3 (Gh61D; PcGH61D) PIIN_01487 Piriformospora CCA67659.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_02110 Piriformospora CCA68244.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_03975 Piriformospora CCA70035.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_04357 Piriformospora CCA70418.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_04637 Piriformospora CCA70703.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_06117 Piriformospora CCA72182.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_06118 Piriformospora CCA72183.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_06127 Piriformospora CCA72192.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_06155 Piriformospora CCA72220.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_07098 Piriformospora CCA73144.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_07105 Piriformospora CCA73151.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_08199 Piriformospora CCA74246.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_08783 Piriformospora CCA74814.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_09022 Piriformospora CCA75037.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_00566 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA66803.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_01484 Piriformospora CCA67656.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_01485 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA67657.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_01486 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA67658.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_04356 Piriformospora CCA70417.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_05699 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA71764.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_06156 Piriformospora CCA72221.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_08402 Piriformospora CCA74449.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_10315 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA76320.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_10660 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA76671.1 indica (Pirin1) PIIN_00523 (fragment) Piriformospora CCA77877.1 indica (Pirin1) Putative Glycoside Hydrolase Podospora CDP30131.1 B2AL94 Family 61 anserina S mat+ CAP64732.1 (Podan2) Putative Glycoside Hydrolase Podospora CDP30928.1 B2B346 Family 61 anserina S mat+ CAP71532.1 (Podan2) Pa_1_500 Podospora CAP59702.1 B2A9F5 anserina S mat+ CDP22345.1 (Podan2) Pa_4_350 Podospora CAP61395.1 B2AD80 anserina S mat+ CDP27750.1 (Podan2) Pa_4_1020 Podospora CAP61476.1 B2ADG1 anserina S mat+ CDP27830.1 (Podan2) Pa_0_270 Podospora CAP61650.1 B2ADY5 anserina S mat+ CDP28001.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_8940 Podospora CAP64619.1 B2AKU6 anserina S mat+ CDP30017.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_4100 (fragment) Podospora CAP64865.1 B2ALM7 anserina S mat+ CDP29378.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_6950 Podospora CAP65111.1 B2AMI8 anserina S mat+ CDP29800.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_10660 Podospora CAP65855.1 B2APD8 anserina S mat+ CDP30283.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_10760 Podospora CAP65866.1 B2APE9 anserina S mat+ CDP30272.1 (Podan2) Pa_5_11630 (fragment) Podospora CAP65971.1 B2API9 anserina S mat+ CDP30166.1 (Podan2) Pa_4_7570 Podospora CAP66744.1 B2ARG6 anserina S mat+ CDP28479.1 (Podan2) Pa_1_21900 (fragment) Podospora CAP67176.1 B2AS05 anserina S mat+ CDP24589.1 (Podan2) Pa_1_22040 Podospora CAP67190.1 B2AS19 anserina S mat+ CDP24603.1 (Podan2) Pa_1_22150 (fragment) Podospora CAP67201.1 B2AS30 anserina S mat+ CDP24614.1 (Podan2) Pa_6_11220 Podospora CAP67466.1 B2ASU3 anserina S mat+ CDP30332.1 (Podan2) Pa_6_11370 Podospora CAP67481.1 B2ASV8 anserina S mat+ CDP30347.1 (Podan2) Pa_6_11470 Podospora CAP67493.1 B2ASX0 anserina S mat+ CDP30359.1 (Podan2) Pa_1_16300 Podospora CAP67740.1 B2ATL7 anserina S mat+ CDP23998.1 (Podan2) Pa_7_5030 Podospora CAP68173.1 B2AUV0 anserina S mat+ CDP31642.1 (Podan2) Pa_7_3770 Podospora CAP68309.1 B2AV86 anserina S mat+ CDP31780.1 (Podan2) Pa_7_3390 Podospora CAP68352.1 B2AVC8 anserina S mat+ CDP31823.1 (Podan2) lytic polysaccharide mono- Podospora CAP68375.1 B2AVF1 oxygenase active on cellulose anserina S mat+ CDP31846.1 (Gh61B; Pa_7_3160)(Gh61B) (Podan2) Pa_6_7780 Podospora CAP71839.1 B2B403 anserina S mat+ CDP31230.1 (Podan2) Pa_2_1700 Podospora CAP72740.1 B2B4L5 anserina S mat+ CDP25137.1 (Podan2) Pa_2_4860 Podospora CAP73072.1 B2B5J7 anserina S mat+ CDP25472.1 (Podan2) lytic polysaccharide mono- Podospora CAP73254.1 B2B629 oxygenase active on cellulose anserina S mat+ CDP25655.1 (Gh61A; Pa_2_6530)(Gh61A) (Podan2) Pa_2_7040 Podospora CAP73311.1 B2B686 anserina S mat+ CDP25714.1 (Podan2) Pa_2_7120 Podospora CAP73320.1 B2B695 anserina S mat+ CDP25723.1 (Podan2) Pa_3_190 Podospora CAP61048.1 B2AC83 anserina S mat+ CDP26500.1 (Podan2) Pa_3_2580 Podospora CAP70156.1 B2AZV6 anserina S mat+ CDP26748.1 (Podan2) Pa_3_3310 Podospora CAP70248.1 B2AZD4 anserina S mat+ CDP26841.1 (Podan2) endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Egl1; Pyrenochaeta AEV53599.1 PIEGL1) lycopersici ISPaVe ER 1211 copper-dependent Rasamsonia CCP37669.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases byssochlamydoides (Gh61) (fragment) CBS 151.75 copper-dependent Remersonia CCP37675.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases thermophila CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 540.69 RHTO0S_28e01816g Rhodosporidium CDR49619.1 toruloides CECT1137 copper-dependent Scytalidium CCP37676.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases indonesiacum CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 259.81 SMU2916 (fragment) Sordaria CAQ58424.1 C1KU36 macrospora k-hell lytic polysaccharide mono- Thermoascus ABW56451.1 oxygenase active on cellulose aurantiacus ACS05720.1 copper-dependent Thermoascus CCP37673.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases aurantiacus CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 891.70 ORF Thermoascus AGO68294.1 aurantiacus var. levisporus copper-dependent Thermomyces CCP37672.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases dupontii CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 236.58 copper-dependent Thermomyces CCP37678.1 polysaccharide monooxygenases lanuginosus CBS (Gh61) (fragment) 632.91 unnamed protein product Thielavia terrestris CAG27576.1 THITE_2106556 Thielavia terrestris AEO62422.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2116536 Thielavia terrestris AEO67662.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2040127 Thielavia terrestris AEO64605.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2119040 Thielavia terrestris AEO69044.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_115795 Thielavia terrestris AEO64177.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2110890 Thielavia terrestris AEO64593.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2112626 Thielavia terrestris AEO65532.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2076863 Thielavia terrestris AEO65580.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_170174 Thielavia terrestris AEO66274.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2044372 Thielavia terrestris AEO67396.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2170662 Thielavia terrestris AEO68023.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_128130 Thielavia terrestris AEO68157.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2145386 Thielavia terrestris AEO68577.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2054543 Thielavia terrestris AEO68763.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2059487 Thielavia terrestris AEO71031.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2142696 Thielavia terrestris AEO67395.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_43665 Thielavia terrestris AEO69043.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2085430 (fragment) Thielavia terrestris AEO63926.1 NRRL 8126 THITE_2122979 Thielavia terrestris XP_003657366.1 NRRL 8126 cellulase-enhancing Thielavia terrestris ACE10231.1 factor (GH61B) NRRL 8126 Sequence 4 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10232.1 7,361,495 (GH61C) NRRL 8126 Sequence 4 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10232.1 7,361,495 (GH61C) NRRL 8126 Sequence 6 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10233.1 7,361,495 (GH61D) NRRL 8126 Sequence 6 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10233.1 7,361,495 (GH61D) NRRL 8126 lytic polysaccharide mono- Thielavia terrestris AEO71030.1 oxygenase active on cellulose NRRL 8126 ACE10234.1 (131562; TtGH61E)(GH61E) Sequence 10 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10235.1 7,361,495 (GH61G) NRRL 8126 Sequence 10 from patent U.S. Pat. No. Thielavia terrestris ACE10235.1 7,361,495 (GH61G) NRRL 8126 Lytic polysaccharide mono- Trichoderma reesei AAP57753.1 Q7Z9M7 oxygenase active on cellulose QM6A ABH82048.1 (EG7; HjGH61B)(Cel61B = GH61B) ACK19226.1 ACR92640.1 endo-γ-1,4-glucanase IV Trichoderma reesei CAA71999.1 O14405 (EGIV; Egl4; EG4) (Cel61A) RUTC-30 endoglucanase Trichoderma ADB89217.1 D3JTC4 (EnGluIV; EndoGluIV) saturnisporum endoglucanase IV (EgIV; EG IV) Trichoderma sp. ACH92573.1 B5TYI4 SSL endoglucanase VII (EgvII) Trichoderma viride ACD36971.1 B4YEW1 AS 3.3711 endoglucanase IV (EgIV) Trichoderma viride ADJ57703.1 B4YEW3 AS 3.3711 ACD36973.1 D9IXC6 AAA12YM05FL uncultured CCA94933.1 eukaryote AAA2YG01FL uncultured CCA94930.1 eukaryote AAA15YI10FL uncultured CCA94931.1 eukaryote AAA21YH11FL uncultured CCA94932.1 eukaryote ABA3YP05FL uncultured CCA94934.1 eukaryote endoglucanase II (EgII) Volvariella AFP23133.1 volvacea endoglucanase II (EgII) Volvariella AAT64005.1 Q6E5B4 volvacea V14 Unknown Zea mays B73 ACF86151.1 unknown (ZM_BFc0036G02) Zea mays B73 ACF78974.1 B4FA31 ACR36748.1

TABLE 2 LPMOs (AA9, AA10 and AA11 families of the CAZy classification) Uniprot GenBank Substrate Known Organism ref. ref. Other names specificity selectivity Modularity fungi A. oryzae Q2UA85 BAE61530 AoAA11 chitin C1 AA11- X278 A. nidulans C8VGF8 EAA62623.1 AnAA13 starch C1 AA13- CBM20 M. thermophila G2QI82 AEO60271 MYCTH_112089 cellulose C1 AA9 M. thermophila G2QAB5 AEO56665 MYCTH_92668 cellulose C1 AA9 N. crassa Q7RWN7 EAA26873 NcLPMO9E cellulose C1 AA9- CBM1 N. crassa Q1K8B6 EAA32426 NcLPMO9D cellulose C4 AA9 Q8WZQ2 CAD21296 N. crassa Q7SA19 EAA33178 NcLPMO9M cellulose C1, C4 AA9 N. crassa Q7SHI8 EAA36362 NcLPMO9C cellulose C4 AA9- hemi- CBM1 cellulose N. crassa Q1K4Q1 EAA26656 NcLPMO9F cellulose C1 AA9 CAD70347 N. crassa Q7SCJ5 EAA34466 NcU00836 cellulose C1 AA9- CBM1 N. crassa Q7SCE9 EAA34371.2 NcAA13 starch C1 AA13- CBM20 N. crassa Q7S439 EAA30263 NcU02240 cellulose C4 AA9- CBM1 N. crassa Q7S111 EAA29018 NcU07760 cellulose C1, C4 AA9- CBM1 P. chrysosporium H1AE14 BAL43430 PcLPMO9D cellulose C1 AA9 P. anserina B2B629 CAP73254 PaGH61A cellulose C1^(a), C4^(a) AA9- PaLMPOB CBM1 P. anserina B2AVF1 CAP68375 PaGH61B cellulose C1, C4 AA9- PaLMPO9A CBM1 P. anserina B2ARG6 CAP66744 PaLPMO9D cellulose C1 AA9 CBM1 P. anserina B2ATL7 CAP67740 PaLPMO9E cellulose C1 AA9 CBM1 P. anserina B2B403 CAP71839 PaLPMO9F cellulose n.d AA9 CBM1 P. anserina B2B5J7 CAP73072 PaLPMO9G cellulose n.d AA9 CBM1 P. anserina B2ADG1 CAP64476 PaLPMO9H cellulose C1, C4 AA9 CBM1 T. aurantiacus G3XAP7 ABW56451 TaGH61A cellulose C1 AA9 T. terrestris G2RGE5 AEO71030 cellulose n.d. AA9 T. reesei Q7Z9M7 AAP57753 cellulose n.d. AA9 T. reesei O14405 CAA71999 Cel61A cellulose n.d. AA9 Bacteria Bacillus E1UUV3 CBI42985 n.d. n.d. AA10 amyloliquefaciens Burkholderia Q3JY22 ABA49030 BURPS1710b_0114 n.d. n.d. AA10 pseudomallei (BpAA10A) 1710b Bacillus Q62YN7 AAU22121 chitin C1 AA10 licheniformes Caldibacillus Q9RFX5 AAF22274 β-1,4- n.d. n.d. AA10 cellulovorans mannanase (ManA) Enterococcus Q838S1 AAO80225 EfLPMO10A chitin C1 AA10 faecalis Hahella Q2SNS3 ABC27701 LPMO cellulose nd AA10 chejuensis (HcAA10- 2; HCH_00807) Serratia O83009 AAU88202 SmLPMO10A chitin C1 AA10 marcescens Streptomyces Q9RJC1 CAB61160 ScLPMO10B cellulose C1, C4 AA10 coelicolor chitin Streptomyces Q9RJY2 CAB61600 ScLPMO10C cellulose C1 AA10- coelicolor CBM2 Thermobifida Q47QG3 AAZ55306 TfLPMO10A cellulose C1, C4 AA10 fusca chitin Thermobifida Q47PB9 AAZ55700 TfLPMO10B cellulose C1 AA10- fusca CBM2 V. cholerae Q9KLD5 AAF96709 VcLPMO10B n.d. n.d. AA10 O1 The term “substrate specificity” is intended to mean the type of substrate cleaved (oxidative cleavage) by the corresponding LPMO enzyme. The term “known selectivity” is intended to mean the carbon of the glucose ring oxidized by the corresponding LPMO enzyme. The term “modularity” is intended to mean the CAZy class (AA9, 10 or 11) of the enzyme and the known presence of a conserved domain (CBM or X278). 

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A process for producing nanocelluloses from a cellulose-based substrate comprising cellulose fibers, said process comprising the following successive steps: at least one step of enzymatic treatment of said cellulose-based substrate, by bringing it into contact with at least one cleavage enzyme, then at least one step of mechanical treatment of said cellulose-based substrate subjected to said at least one step of enzymatic treatment, in order to delaminate said cellulose fibers and to obtain said nanocelluloses, wherein said at least one cleavage enzyme is chosen from the enzymes belonging to the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) family capable of carrying out an oxidative cleavage of said cellulose fibers in the presence of a donor electron.
 14. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the LPMOs are chosen from the enzymes capable of carrying out a cleavage of the cellulose by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in positions C₁, C₄ and C₆ of the glucose ring.
 15. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 14, wherein the LPMOs are chosen from the AA9 and AA10 families of the CAZy classification.
 16. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the LMPOs are chosen from the LPMOs derived from Podospora anserine.
 17. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 16, wherein the LMPOs are chosen from PaLPMO9A (Genbank CAP68375), PaLPMO9B (Genbank CAP73254), PaLPMO9D (Genbank CAP66744), PaLPMO9E (Genbank CAP67740), PaLPMO9F (Genbank CAP71839), PaLPMO9G (Genbank CAP73072) and PaLPMO9H (Genbank CAP61476).
 18. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the electron donor is chosen from ascorbate, gallate, catechol, reduced glutathione, lignin fragments and fungal carbohydrate dehydrogenases.
 19. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the cellulose-based substrate is obtained from wood, a cellulose-rich fibrous plant, beetroot, citrus fruits, annual straw plants, marine animals, algae, fungi or bacteria.
 20. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the cellulose-based substrate is chosen from chemical papermaking pulps.
 21. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 20, wherein the cellulose-based substrate is chosen from chemical wood papermaking pulps.
 22. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 21, wherein the cellulose-based substrate is chosen from at least one of the following chemical wood papermaking pulps: bleached pulps, semi-bleached pulps, raw pulps, bisulfite pulps, sulfate pulps, sodium hydroxide pulps, kraft pulps.
 23. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein said at least one step of mechanical treatment comprises at least one of the following mechanical treatments: a homogenization treatment, a microfluidization treatment, an abrasion treatment, a cryomilling treatment.
 24. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein, following said at least one step of mechanical treatment, said process comprises a post-treatment step.
 25. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 24, said wherein the process comprises a post-treatment step chosen from an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or else a derivatization of certain chemical groups borne by the nanocelluloses.
 26. The process for producing nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 13, wherein the nanocelluloses obtained consist of cellulose nanofibrils and/or of cellulose nanocrystals.
 27. Nanocelluloses resulting from a production process as claimed in claim
 13. 28. The nanocelluloses as claimed in claim 27, wherein said nanocelluloses comprise glucose rings of which at least one carbon atom is oxidized in position(s) C₁ and/or C₄, or even also C₆.
 29. Nanocelluloses resulting from a production process as claimed in claim
 14. 30. Nanocelluloses resulting from a production process as claimed in claim
 15. 31. Nanocelluloses resulting from a production process as claimed in claim
 16. 32. Nanocelluloses resulting from a production process as claimed in claim
 17. 